{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "status": "published",
  "locale": "en",
  "edition": "Europe edition",
  "periodStart": "2024-01-01",
  "periodEnd": "2026-08-31",
  "countries": [
    "ES",
    "PT",
    "IT",
    "DE",
    "CH"
  ],
  "selection": "Editorial, non-random, non-exhaustive; not a top-five tourism ranking or country reliability ranking.",
  "countryComparability": false,
  "annualAvailabilityEstimated": false,
  "providerResilienceRanked": false,
  "fieldOutageMeasurementsIncluded": false,
  "events": [
    {
      "id": "ES-2025-POWER",
      "country": "ES",
      "date": "2025-04-28",
      "category": "power",
      "evidence": "traffic",
      "scope": "Spain, national traffic observation",
      "window": {
        "es": "Inicio eléctrico alrededor de las 10:34 UTC; recuperación variable según red y zona.",
        "en": "Power event began around 10:34 UTC; recovery varied by network and area."
      },
      "fact": {
        "es": "El apagón ibérico del 28 de abril de 2025 produjo una caída importante del tráfico de Internet observado en España. La infraestructura eléctrica es una dependencia que una eSIM internacional no elimina.",
        "en": "The Iberian blackout of 28 April 2025 produced a major reduction in observed Internet traffic in Spain. An international eSIM does not remove the dependency on electrical infrastructure."
      },
      "limit": {
        "es": "No se deduce una duración uniforme de corte para toda España ni para todos los operadores móviles.",
        "en": "No uniform outage duration is inferred for all of Spain or every mobile operator."
      },
      "sources": [
        "cf-iberia"
      ],
      "scopeEs": "España, observación de tráfico nacional",
      "esimObserved": false
    },
    {
      "id": "PT-2025-POWER",
      "country": "PT",
      "date": "2025-04-28",
      "category": "power",
      "evidence": "traffic",
      "scope": "Portugal; national traffic and MEO-MOVEL / AS42863",
      "window": {
        "es": "Caída progresiva durante unas cinco horas; no cinco horas de corte total individual.",
        "en": "Progressive traffic reduction over roughly five hours, not five hours of total outage per user."
      },
      "fact": {
        "es": "En Portugal, Cloudflare observó una caída inicial de aproximadamente la mitad del tráfico nacional y posteriormente de alrededor del 90 % frente a la semana anterior. El tráfico de MEO-MOVEL primero aumentó y después descendió.",
        "en": "In Portugal, Cloudflare observed national traffic initially falling by roughly half and later around 90% against the previous week. MEO-MOVEL traffic initially rose and then declined."
      },
      "limit": {
        "es": "La evolución móvil ilustra que una alternativa puede funcionar temporalmente y después degradarse. No prueba la autonomía de una antena concreta.",
        "en": "The mobile pattern illustrates how an alternative can work temporarily and later degrade. It does not establish the battery autonomy of any particular tower."
      },
      "sources": [
        "cf-iberia"
      ],
      "scopeEs": "Portugal; national traffic and MEO-MOVEL / AS42863",
      "esimObserved": false
    },
    {
      "id": "CH-2024-SALT",
      "country": "CH",
      "date": "2024-12-03",
      "category": "network",
      "evidence": "traffic",
      "scope": "Salt Mobile / AS15796",
      "window": {
        "es": "00:25 a 03:20 UTC, unas 2 h 55 de tráfico casi nulo.",
        "en": "00:25 to 03:20 UTC, about 2 h 55 of near-zero traffic."
      },
      "fact": {
        "es": "Cloudflare observó tráfico casi nulo en el ASN de Salt Mobile durante una perturbación que el operador relacionó con trabajos de mantenimiento.",
        "en": "Cloudflare observed near-zero traffic in the Salt Mobile ASN during a disruption the operator linked to maintenance work."
      },
      "limit": {
        "es": "La marca móvil del ASN no convierte el tráfico observado en una muestra de eSIM turísticas. No es una caída de toda Suiza.",
        "en": "A mobile-branded ASN does not turn observed traffic into a sample of tourist eSIMs. This was not an outage of all Switzerland."
      },
      "sources": [
        "cf-q4-24"
      ],
      "scopeEs": "Salt Mobile / AS15796",
      "esimObserved": false
    },
    {
      "id": "IT-2025-DNS",
      "country": "IT",
      "date": "2025-10-22",
      "category": "dns",
      "evidence": "traffic",
      "scope": "Fastweb / AS12874, fixed Internet",
      "window": {
        "es": "Varias horas de perturbación; no se calcula una duración de corte móvil.",
        "en": "Several hours of disruption; no mobile-outage duration is calculated."
      },
      "fact": {
        "es": "Cloudflare documentó un problema de resolución DNS de Fastweb en Internet fijo, con una caída de tráfico superior al 75 % frente a la semana anterior.",
        "en": "Cloudflare documented a Fastweb DNS-resolution issue affecting fixed Internet, with traffic falling by more than 75% against the previous week."
      },
      "limit": {
        "es": "Un fallo del Wi-Fi o de Internet fijo no demuestra un fallo de la radio móvil. No se probó una eSIM como alternativa durante este incidente.",
        "en": "A Wi-Fi or fixed-Internet failure does not establish a mobile-radio failure. An eSIM was not tested as an alternative during this incident."
      },
      "sources": [
        "cf-q4-25"
      ],
      "scopeEs": "Fastweb / AS12874, fixed Internet",
      "esimObserved": false
    },
    {
      "id": "DE-2026-DNSSEC",
      "country": "DE",
      "date": "2026-05-05",
      "category": "dns",
      "evidence": "operator",
      "scope": ".de domains, validating DNS resolvers worldwide",
      "window": {
        "es": "Aproximadamente tres horas según el informe final de DENIC.",
        "en": "Approximately three hours according to DENIC's final report."
      },
      "fact": {
        "es": "DENIC atribuyó las restricciones de acceso a dominios .de a firmas DNSSEC inválidas producidas durante una rotación de claves. Los resolvers validadores rechazaban esas respuestas.",
        "en": "DENIC attributed restrictions affecting .de domains to invalid DNSSEC signatures generated during a key rollover. Validating resolvers rejected those responses."
      },
      "limit": {
        "es": "No fue una caída de la 4G/5G alemana. Una IP extranjera por sí sola no corrige firmas DNSSEC inválidas; el comportamiento también depende del resolver.",
        "en": "This was not an outage of German 4G/5G. A foreign IP alone does not repair invalid DNSSEC signatures; behaviour also depends on the resolver."
      },
      "sources": [
        "denic-de"
      ],
      "scopeEs": ".de domains, validating DNS resolvers worldwide",
      "esimObserved": false
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "cf-iberia",
      "org": "Cloudflare Radar",
      "title": "How the power outage in Portugal and Spain impacted the Internet",
      "url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/how-power-outage-in-portugal-spain-impacted-internet/",
      "consulted": "2026-09-14"
    },
    {
      "id": "cf-q4-24",
      "org": "Cloudflare Radar",
      "title": "Q4 2024 Internet disruption summary",
      "url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/q4-2024-internet-disruption-summary/",
      "consulted": "2026-09-14"
    },
    {
      "id": "cf-q4-25",
      "org": "Cloudflare Radar",
      "title": "Q4 2025 Internet disruption summary",
      "url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/q4-2025-internet-disruption-summary/",
      "consulted": "2026-09-14"
    },
    {
      "id": "denic-de",
      "org": "DENIC",
      "title": "Final Report: DNS Outage of 5 May 2026",
      "url": "https://blog.denic.de/en/final-report-dns-outage-of-5-may-2026/",
      "consulted": "2026-09-14"
    }
  ],
  "url": "https://drifteuropa.com/data-index/internet-disruptions-esim/",
  "datePublished": "2026-09-14",
  "dateModified": "2026-09-14",
  "stats": {
    "incidents": 5,
    "notices": 0,
    "continuity": 0,
    "nationalFixed": 41,
    "configurations": 5,
    "singleMNO": 0,
    "multipleMNO": 41
  }
}